·     Pronunciation (op or oop):

o AT-E1168-lecture6.t0:07:30 gives the pronunciation as op, with short-o.

o L&D.p87 gives ʔop:

§ The glottal stop is just a matter of whether epigraphers write or don’t write the pre-vocalic glottal stops of initial vowels by convention (as they are always present in this situation).

§ So this is equivalent to the AT-E1168-lecture6 rendition, with short-o.

o In the transcription of the inscription in Zender-TMMD.p16.c2, the pronunciation is given with long-o: oop (also in Zender-TMMD.p17.fn33), which is at variance with the Wichmann-Lacadena rules. This is perhaps from linguistic reconstruction, based on the modern Mayan languages.

·     Meaning – three meanings have been proposed, one very general one, and two more specific ones:

o Tokovinine is the most general, with just “parrot”.

o L&D.p87 is slightly more specific, with “lorikeet”.

o Zender-TMMD.p17.fn33 is the most specific, with “green-winged macaw”: For o-po, oop, “green-winged macaw” note Colonial Yucatec ‘a parrot of Honduras’ (Vienna f. 351v, in Andrews Heath 1980:419) and Yucatec š ʔòop ‘parrot’ (Bricker et al. 1998:18). These and other entries were independently noted by several scholars (Barbara MacLeod, personal communication 2007; Polyukhovych 2007; Zender 2005b), but the term seems to be more specific than previously recognized. Santiago Pacheco Cruz (1958:301) specifically identified as a “guacamayo rojo” (i.e., Ara chloropterus, the red-and-green macaw, now better known as the green-winged macaw) and noted elsewhere that “in Yucatán and Campeche one cannot find any of these birds” (Pacheco Cruz 1939:121, my translation). Similarly, in his 1746 arte, fray Pedro Beltrán de Santa Rosa María cited as “a short-tailed macaw abounding in Tabasco” (cited by Roys 1965:135). The green-winged macaw is one of the largest members of the parrot family, and although presently restricted to eastern Panama and northern and central South America, it may have enjoyed a more northerly range in the past (Abramson et al. 1996:Fig. 1.7). The beak and periorbital dots of the Berlin parrot both suggest a macaw, and its large size (relative to the hand) also supports this identification (Peter Stuart, personal communication 2014). [Sim: note that the green wings might be very distinctive, but the entire head (excluding the face and beak), “shoulders”, and chest are a very bright red / scarlet.]