·     Only K&L lists the additional meaning “gopher”; K&H, BMM9, 25EMC list only “image” / “self”.

o Many modern Mayan languages have a word descended from baah, meaning “gopher”, so it is clear that the origin of the glyph was as a depiction of a gopher (the infixed K’AN “yellow” further supports this). But it is less clear whether there are any Classic Maya texts where this glyph is used to actually write the word baah in its meaning of “gopher”.

o 25EMC also gives “head”, “first” as an additional meaning, and indicate that it can be used as ba.

·       The nicknames “Jog” = Jaguar-Dog and “Rabbit”, when the meaning and reading of the glyph was unclear:

o Newsome-ToP&PotW.p226.c2.fn1 (bottom): 18-Rabbit's name was first identified by Kelley (1961), who called him "18-Jog." The "jog" part of this nickname was a compromise, reflecting Kelley's uncertainty over whether the T757 "rodent head" glyph that forms its main sign might represent a jaguar or a dog. Schele and J. Miller (1983) coined the nickname "18-Rabbit-God K," based on their identification of T757 as a short-eared tropical forest rabbit. The authors also speculated that the first part of 18-Rabbit's name should be read “Uaxaclahun Uba…”, noting Kelly’s earlier observation that T575 can substitute for T501 in the first syllable of bacab (Schele and J. Miller 1983: 28). David Stuart finally achieved the complete reading of 18-Rabbit’s nominal glyphs, which includes K’awil as the hieroglyphic name of God K. T757 is now known to represent a gopher head; its phonetic reading, bah, is a term for “gopher” in the Mayan languages.

o Altman-PMK.p1.fn1: Before epigraphers deciphered the phonetic and logographic components of his name [Waxaklajuun Ubaah K’awiil], they resorted to the nicknames of "18 Jog" or "18 Rabbit" to identify the 13th King of Copan Kelley, D.H. 1962 Phoneticism in the Maya Script Thompson, J.E.S.

o Ashmore-SPP.p209.pdfp11.para3.l+6: The same text also mentions the name of a Copan ruler, known as 18 Jog or 18 Rabbit, who was captured by Cauac Sky of Quirigua on 9.15.6.14.6 (l May 738), and beheaded, probably on the same date.

o Ashmore-SPP.p225.fn5 (footnote to previous quote – Ashmore-SPP.p209.para3.l+6): Not all epigraphers agree on reading the name of this ruler. Thompson (1962:354) interpreted the creature represented in the T151 glyph as a combination "jaguar" and "dog"; hence the word "jog." Kelley (1962:Figure 2) identified the XVIII Jog collocation as the name of a ruler at Copan, so this reading has historical precedence (Marcus 1916; Proskouriakoff 1968, 1913). It remains the preferred reading for some, who read T151 as "pocket gopher" (e.g., Fash 1988; William Ringle, personal communication 1991). Other epigraphers, however, have argued on semantic grounds that T151 does portray a rabbit, and therefore read the ruler's name as 18 Rabbit (Riese 1986: 100; Schele and Miller 1983:28, 49-50). [Sim: The reference to T151 seems to be a typo for 757, as T151 is a totally unrelated glyph. Probably the author’s hand-written manuscript had a “7” which the typesetter mistook for a “1”.]

o Googling "18 Jog" "maya" will still produce a very large number of hits; and the same applies for "18 Rabbit" "maya".

o However, the use of this nickname was wider than in just the name of Waxaklajuun Ubaah K’awiil. Other instances of ubaah were also called “jog” (see Miller-NoaSP.p12.c1.para4.l+1&l-8).

·     Variants (2):

o A. Representational (head) – features:

§ Mammal ear.

§ K’AN (“yellow”) on the cheek or back of head (in K1398 B6-A7, it appears in the forehead, but there it is being used purely as a ba, not as BAAH in its meaning of “image”).

§ Small, roundish eye.

§ Large eye protector.

§ Protrusive lower lip (or is it a tongue?).

§ There can occasionally be quite long and complex scrolls emerging from the mouth (see BPK Stela 1 O1 = K&L.p13.#1.7, Komkom Vase S3, Ta Xin Chan’s Berlin Museum Plate glyph-block #8, K&L.p13.#1.6 examples above). These elements are not a separate glyph, but simply part of the iconography – they are “leaves emerging from the mouth of the gopher, as gophers eat plant material and drag it back to their burrows to eat” (Matthew Looper, personal communication July 2023, paraphrased).

o B. Abstract – features:

§ A “ladder” in the forehead.

§ A pair of gopher teeth.

·     Hamann-WSD.p22 lists twelve compounds with baah ~ (based on EB).

·     Houston-ACMB and comment by Erik Boot give some others.

·     The following sources have additional information on Baah <X> and other titles (re-arranged into alphabetical order with orthography slightly adjusted to standardize across all three and the rest of the CMGG:

o Foias-AMPD.p117-123: Aj k’uhuun, Anaab, Baah Sajal, Baah Ajaw, Baah Pakal, Baah Te’, Baah Took’, Baah Tz’am, Chak Tok Wayaab, K’an Tok Wayaab, K’uhul Ajaw, Lakam, Sajal, Ti’ Sak Huun, Yajaw K’ahk’, [Late Postclassic] Batab, Halach Winik.

o Tremain-ASoDaI.p225-229: Aj k’uhuun, Baah Te’, Baah Tz’am, Ch’ajoom, Ch’ok, Lakam, Sajal.

o Martin-AMP.p69-95: Aj K’uhuun, Ajaw, [Baah Ch’ok,] Baah Kab, Baah Tz’am, BBT, Kaloomte’, Lakam, Sajal, Ti’ (Sak) Huun, Yajaw K’ahk'.

o AT-YT2021-lecture24.t0:32:17-1:12:39 (end of lecture): 40 minutes covering most of the above titles, and a few more.

 

It’s convenient to have all titles in one spot; also to capture general information about where titles are discussed.

 

	Foias	Tremain	Martin	AT-YT2021-lecture24	Other
Aj k’uh				X
Aj k’uhuun	X	X	X	X
Ajaw			X	X
Anaab	X			X
Baah Al				X
Baah Ajaw	X		X
Baah Ch’ok			X	X
Baah Kab			X
Baah Kelem				X
Baah Pakal	X			X	LuinEtAl-UNMdSWCK.p659.pdfp.c2.para4
Baah Sajal	X			X
Baah Te’	X	X		X
Baah Took’	X			X
Baah Tz’am	X	X	X	X
BBT			X	X
Chak Ch’ok				X
Chak Ch’ok Kelem				X	Boot-ANSfC
Chak Xib				X
Chak Tok Wayaab	X
Ch’ajoom		X
Ch’ok		X		X
Ix K’uh				X
Kaloomte’			X	X
Kelem				X
K’an Tok Wayaab	X
K’uhul Ajaw	X		X	X
Lakam	X	X	X	X
Noh K’ab					AT-YT2021-lecture13
Sajal	X	X	X	X
Ti’ Sak Huun	X		X	X
Ti’ K’ahk’ Huun				X
Tz’eh K’ab				X	AT-YT2021-lecture13
Yajaw K’ahk’	X		X	X
Yajaw Te’				X

 

·     AT-E1168-lecture15.t0:41:41, Tokovinine explains that:

o In extended names, the titles go from personal to societal (roughly, from “specific”/“narrow” to “general”/“broad”).

o In most of the Maya world, the title comes after the name, but in Yucatec, the order is reversed.