·     Not listed in EB.

·     Tokovinine-DPMB.p1.pdfp1.para5.l+1 (2002): The term "three-conquest" resulted from the translation of 'ahaal ("conquest" instead of "creation"), proposed by Nikolai Grube and Linda Schele, for the new translation would fit the military symbolism of ballgame sacrifice. By now several hux-'ahaal or "three-conquest" ballcourts and stairs are known (Fig. 1).

o The above statement (Tokovinine-DPMB.p1.para5.l+1) has an endnote associated with it – Tokovinine-DPMB.p7.pdfp7.fn1: Probably, a better translation would be “the conquered one.” Supporting evidence comes from Palenque, where the inscriptions on the captives depicted in the Eastern court state the following: {date} na-wa-j(a) ya-ha-l(i) KALOM-[te]… na[h]waj y-aha:l kalo’mte’… he was adorned (a widespread reference to sacrifice), the ’ahaal’ of the kalo’mte’; {date} na-wa-j(a) ya-ha-l(i) K’UH BAK-la ’AJAW… na[h]waj y-aha:l k’uh[ul] Ba:kal ’ajaw… he was adorned, the ’ahaal’ of the holy (divine) king of Baakal. [Sim: the footnote seems to suggest that a person (“the conquered one”) rather than an abstract concept (“conquest”/“victory”) is a better translation. I suppose this is because the passive verb nahwaj more naturally takes a person than an abstract concept as its subject. This seems like a very sound argument and so It’s unclear to me why this is relegated to a footnote, and not just the proposed translation in the main body of the article. In any case, “conquest”/“victory” seems to have become the translation which is found in general nowadays).

o I haven’t been able to find the Grube and Schele article where the 'ahaal = "conquest" instead of "creation" is proposed. The references of the Tokovinine article cite a Schele and Grube article (authors listed in reverse order) – Six-Staired Ballcourts. Copan Notes, 83. Austin – but this latter relates to EHB / e-bu and the relationship of ballcourts to hieroglyphic stairways, and there is no mention of 'ahaal.

·     Tokovinine-DPMB.pdfp12.fig1 gives four examples of the structure name uhx ahal – three are followed by EHB (ostensibly hieroglyphic stairway) and one followed by the undeciphered “ballcourt” glyph. It gives only the sites (CPN, NAR, TNA, YAX) but not which monument of the site the glyphs come from. By consulting MHD, I was able to find the monument and even glyph-block labels of the example glyphs (“blmaya1 contains ahal” and “blmaya1 does not contain naahal” and “blmaya1 does not contain utz'ihbnahal”):

o CPN: Tokovinine-DPMB (fig1d) gives three glyph-blocks – the first slightly further apart, compared to the second and third. I have only included the second and third of the three as they write uhx ahal and I am unsure of the significance of the first glyph-block of the example.

o NAR: this is the well-known hieroglyphic stairway found at NAR but actually looted by NAR as “spoils of war” from CRC, where it was originally erected. For this reason, MHD lists it as “objabbr = CRCHS”. The example given in Tokovinine-DPMB (fig1c) has only the left half of P2, i.e. P2a. The right half – P2b – gives the name of the individual who played ball there. Note that this implies that despite the EHB glyph rather than “ballcourt”-glyph, the named object/place was probably a ballcourt.

o TNA: reasonably straightforward – this is the one example of the four in Tokovinine-DPMB (fig1b) which has uhx ahal as explicitly describing a ballcourt.

o YAX: very straightforward – Tokovinine-DPMB (fig1a) is from YAX HS2 Step 7 E5-F5, but there is another mention of the ballcourt at R1-Q2, which Tokovinine-DPMB doesn’t mention.

·     The word a-ha-li è ahaal = “victory”, “conquest” occurs four times on YAX HS2 Step 7 – at B3, C3, E5, and R1. Three of the four times it’s written with the glyph which is often used for AJ, but here used acrophonically as a (i.e. without the -j sound). The first two times (B3 and C3) the word ahaal is used in its conventional meaning in a sentence, for the first and second victories, when an enemy figure is decapitated. The last two times (E5 and R1) it’s used in the context of being part of the name of a stairway, the uhx ahaal ehb = “three-victory stairway”.

·     Aside from CPN, NAR, TNA, and YAX, the word ahal/ahaal occurs at the site CKM = 2 fairly well-preserved vases, one badly eroded vase with just 3 badly eroded glyphs/glyph-blocks and 1 very short stone inscription. These all write the name Ahaal Chan K’inich.

·     The remaining entries in MHD are almost all uhx ahaal, as a qualifier for a noun which follows – a “Three Victories <something>”. I’ve included just two more, from PAL TFC and K1546, the first qualifying a god and the second a road.

·     Pronunciation: most of the examples have a la or li at the end, showing that the few without either la or li (TNA Monument 141 C4 and K1837) are simply cases of an underspelled ‑l.

·     Bíró-TCMWR.p132.pdfp148.c2.para2 (2011): The next event in Palenque was the ‘adornment’ of two captives on the 28th and 29th of March, 662 who were designated as the ‘conquered’ (ahal) ones on the Stairs of House A. [I don’t seem to have this example – is it in MHD?]

·     Bíró-TCMWR.p154.pdfp170.c2.para4.l+5 (2011): Monument 141 also records the celebration of two important period endings (9.13.5.0.0 and 9.13.7.9.0) and the dedication of the ballcourt called Huk Ek’ K’an Nal and termed as an ux ahal or ‘three conquest’ ballcourt ‘owned’ by K’ihnich B’aknal Chahk himself.

·     Bíró-TCMWR.p201.pdfp217.c1.para6.l+6 (2011): Step VII [of YAX HS2] has the only historical date which can be deciphered (9.15.13.6.9-744) and it records the dedication of the ballcourt (jatz’naj ux ahal e[h]b’), which is the ‘step’ of the Waterlily Serpent impersonated by Yaxun B’ahlam IV himself (yehb’al ub’ahil an yax chit jun winik nah kan; see Tokovinine 2002).

·     The use of the word ahaal falls into three main classes:

o uhx ahaal <noun> – an adjectival use, where <noun> = some sort of human made structure, like EHB, “BALLCOURT” or BIH.

o Ahaal Chan K’inich – the name of a ruler. [Sim: perhaps “The Sun God is a Victory in the Sky / Sky Victory”?]

o ahaal – functioning in its “free format” use of meaning “victory” (e.g. someone’s 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd victory).