·     Braakhuis-TTMG.p16.para2 and Braakhuis-TTMG.p17.para2 have brief references to the Jaguar Paddler and the Stingray Spine Paddler.

·     AT-E1168-lecture11.t0:35:25 (explaining HLM False Stingray Spine – a carved bone purporting to be the stingray spline of the SPP): There is a god, we call that god a Paddler – you've seen some images today. So he paddles on a canoe through the twilight of sunrise or sunset. There are two of them. One of them, we call him a Jaguar (Paddler) because he looks like a jaguar. And the other paddler, we call him a Stingray Spine Paddler, because he has a stingray spine that goes through his nose. Their full names are not known. One of their names is Fisherman of the Darkness, Fisherman of the Day. So they’re... they're sailing through the transition. They're the gods of uncertainty and change. So they ship people to the Underworld and back, and they also appear in the transition between day and night. In very late inscriptions, they're gradually replaced by the cult of Venus. That seems to be the Postclassic God of Transition. The... according to the Aztec religion, the mighty warrior who shoots arrows and basically wins over the forces of darkness, allowing the sun to rise. But in the Maya religion, these are the gods of that uncertain moment.

·     AT-E1168-lecture11.t0:09:52 shows a “canoe bone” from TIK burial, showing a canoe with the Maize God in the centre and the Jaguar Paddler in the front on the right and the Stingray Spine Paddler in the back on the left (i.e. with the canoe travelling from left to right), with various animals in between.

o All the animals and the Maize God have one arm held bent with the wrist on the forehead, an expression of grief (get additional reference).

o Tokovinine explicitly says that the names of the Paddlers are not known.

o Tokovinine explains that they are the Gods of Twilight.

·     Rohark&Manzanilla-DNDP is a paper written by two independent scholars proposing a reading for SSP (èYAKAWIT) and JP (èKOKAN). The paper explains that:

o Phonetic complements – on JMB (Jimbal) Stela 1:

§ SSP has an end phonetic complement ti.

§ JP shas an end phonetic complement na.

o Iconography:

§ SSP has a stingray spine element through his nose.

§ JP has a “darkness” element.

o There is a striking parallel between these two Maya gods and two Central Mexican gods:

§ Yacahuitztli "Nose Thorn" (matching the stingray spine through the nose of SSP).

§ Yohualtecuhtli "Lord of the Night" (matching the darkness element of the JP).

o Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1989: 436, Lib. VI, Cap. XXXVIII, 7) confirms, Yohualtecuhtli "is also called Yacahuitztli" and both gods are “gods of the sting”.

o Other Nahua god names were borrowed and nativized by the Maya (resulting in words which have more than two syllables). The trisyllabic word YAKAWIT is very unusual for Classic Maya, but can be accepted because it’s a borrowing from Nahua. [Sim: this part of the argument – specifically, the trisyllabic part – is only implicitly stated in Rohark&Manzanilla-DNDP.]

o The proposal is:

§ The stingray spine logogram is read KOKAN, and the JP name can have a phonetic complement of na, so JP can be given the reading KOKAN also.

§ Yacahuitztli got borrowed into Classic Maya as YAKAWIT, the name for SSP, which can hence have a phonetic complement of ti.

o Sim: there doesn’t seem to be sufficient supporting evidence to accept so many steps in the argument. For example:

§ Why weren’t both names borrowed, rather than just one?

§ How justifiable is collapsing the two gods so that the stingray spine of KOKAN can be given as a name to JP, just because his name can have a na as phonetic complement; i.e. how justifiable is this when his iconography is related to darkness rather than to a stingray spine?

§ Even given that -tli is a particle in Nahua, how plausible is the idea that Yacahuitz(tli) (“ending” in -tz) would be borrowed into Classic Maya as a word ending in -t? (This is not to say that this part of the reasoning is wrong, only that no evidence is provided of other Nahua words ending in -tz being borrowed into Classic Maya as a word ending in -t.)

·     Variants (2) – features:

o A. Abstract:

§ Top: trilobate “leaf”: none of the leaves have pointed tips.

§ Middle: horizontal band, very slightly curved downwards.

§ Bottom: “lemon-shaped” outline with internal boulder shape showing AK’AB.

The “lemon”-shape can also just be a regular boulder if it merges with the trilobate leaf above it, as shown in PNG Stela 12 B14.

o B. Head:

§ Left/main part: AK’AB in the forehead.

§ Right:

·       Top: a mammal ear with jaguar spots on it.

·       Middle: bi (=quincunx).

·       Bottom: distorted earspool? (Only if the entire right side is a fancy ear, which it probably isn’t.)

§ Jaguar spots on the cheek.

·     I wonder if the drawings of the non-head versions in IC (IC.p61.pdfp65.r3.c1 and IC.p61.pdfp65.r2.c2) were accidentally switched? The one labelled "Stingray" has an infixed AK’AB and the one labelled "Jaguar" has an infixed K'IN. I would have thought it should be the other way around. I've swapped them for this reason, until told otherwise.